Cornwall's Celtic Culture

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Cornwall's Celtic Culture
Introduction
Celtic Cornwall,Chsauster; a fine example of ruined houses, and Englands oldest are part of what was  probably  a thriving mining settlement some 2000 years ago.the stone outlines of eight houses indicate that the Celtic inhabitants sited the main enterance of each house facing North-East to protect them from the prevailing South-West winds.
Furtheremore, there were centralcourtyards and paved floors fitted with drainage channels.
Cornwall is rich in relicsof its past, from place names associated with King Arthur to the ruins of countless 19th-century tin and Copper Mines.
Most interestinglly evidance of Celtic Placenames can be found. For example, Tre, Pol,Pen, Chy and Wheal are renants ofthe ancient Cornish language,a Celtic tongue that links Cornwall with Brittany, Wales, the Isle of Man, Ireland and Scotland.
Check it out. You'll be amazed at what you discover!
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Who were the Celts?
Who were the Celts? Was there ever a distinct people known as the Celts? Was there ever a mass invasion of Celtic peoples into Britain? The word 'Celt' is thought to be derived from the Greek word 'Keltoi' - a name given to a tribe from around the Massilia (Marseille) region of southern France. All other tribes exhibiting similar characteristics were deemed 'Celts'. Recently the term has fallen out of favour and is often replaced by the less romantic but strictly more accurate 'Iron Age peoples'. The term 'Celt' now refers to a type of art - Celtic Art. They were not an 'ethnically distinct group' from the Upper Danube or alpine Europe. In the case of Britain it was as Francis Pryor puts it '... it was more an invasion of ideas than of people'.
The original inhabitants of these lands grew and populated the countryside, evolving from the Stone Age through the flooding of the North Sea Basin - recently christened 'Doggerland', to form the islands of Britain in about 5000BC. From the change in being 'hunter-gatherers' to the application of Farming in the Early Neolithic. During the next 2000 years or so, cultures evolved still further with man really making their mark on the landscape with barrows, causewayed enclosures of the Middle Neolithic (c.3500BC) through to the huge henge monuments such as at Stonehenge and Avebury (c.3000BC). As Man developed ever more complex tools and ideas, he discovered the ability to work metals, promoting the next stage in his evolution - The Bronze Age. Some 1500 years later the culture evolved into the Iron Age, with a further increase in the complexiy of artifacts and tools. In Britain, the Iron Age is deemed to have ended with the Roman invasion of Emperor Claudius and his legions in AD43. We now move from pre-history into ancient history.

What makes Cornwall and the other 'Celtic' nations so different, so enigmatic, is their very non-Englishness. They stand as somewhere close to home but with different languages, heritage and cultures. Cornwall is often portrayed as unique to promote tourism - obviously its long beaches of golden sand and spectacular scenery help to put the icing on the cake.
Cornwall emerged from the former 'kingdom' of Dumnonia that grew to prominence in the Late Iron Age - from about 150BC. The rise of the tribal kingdoms had differing effects on their people depending on which part of the British Isles you lived. The eastern side of the country looked east towards the continent, the western side towards the Atlantic. There seems to have been relatively stable but warlike kingdoms in place by the time of the first tentative expedition by Julius Caesar in 55BC. Although he brought a force of about 100 ships containing about 10,000 soldiers (2 legions) he did not gain a foothold and returned across the channel to try again the following year.


A Land Apart?
Several different cultures and peoples make Cornwall what it is today. There are traces of the Neolithic Beaker People and the Megalith builders of 2000 B.C, with dolmen, burial chambers, and mênhirs (standing stones) found especially on the Isles Of Scilly, Penwith in West Cornwall and on Bodmin Moor in East Cornwall. The human remains in these tombs were usually found kneeling or sitting with their knees up to their chins. Later Bronze Age cultures began the custom of single burial and cremation that continues today. Very many of these ancient relics have been destroyed over time and by mining activity, but a brief visit to these sites should fulfil all but the most ardent of researchers. The main sites being Boscawen-ûn (Nine Maidens); Boleigh (Merry Maidens and The Pipers); Carn Gluze (Ballowall Barrow); Pendeen Vau; The Blind Fiddler at Sancreed; Chûn Quoit; Mulfra; and Mên-an-Tol (Holed Stone). Other notable sites are The Hurlers (on Bodmin Moor); Trethevy Quoit (near Liskeard); Carn Euny near Sancreed; Tremenheer (St. Keverne) and the Stripple Stones and Trippet Stones of St. Breward.
Around about 750 B.C. the culture evolved from working with Bronze to working with Iron. The Iron Age had begun. This evolution into new ways of working was formerly known as 'Celtic Culture'. Their whole way of life began to change, compared to the scattered Bronze Age residents, the Iron Age tribes had a highly organised structure, they were civilised and well trained in battle. They set about fortifying their hilltop settlements with ditches and ringed earth ramparts. Some of these Iron Age hill forts can still be seen at Castle-an-Dinas (near St. Columb); Trencrom (Hayle); Castle Canyke (Bodmin); Chûn Castle (Pendeen) and Carn Brea overlooking present-day Redruth. The most impressive however lies near Dorchester in Dorset and is the huge 20 acre site of Maiden Castle - home of the Durotriges Celts until 43AD.

Cliff castles were also constructed on the coast with the some of the most accessible at Rumps Point (Polzeath); Trevelgue (Newquay); Kelsey Head (Holywell Bay); Gurnard's Head (Zennor); Carrick Lûz (Coverack); Kenidjack Castle (Cape Cornwall); Treryn Dinas (Porthcurno); Maen Castle (Land's End) and Dodman Point (St. Austell). More photographs..>

In fact, it is thought that the classic cliff castle at Rumps Point is so similar to those in Armorica, Brittany that it may have been built by refugees from the great sea battle of Morbihan Bay between the Romans and the Veneti in 56 BC. The Celts also introduced the idea of special areas dedicated to the burial of their dead - in fact these were Iron Age cemeteries. Left largely untouched by the Romans until their departure in c. 410 A.D., Cornwall retained the majority of this Celtic influence for almost the next 1000 years. When the Jutes; Angles and Saxons invaded from across the North Sea in about 450 A.D. and established 7 states: Kent (Jutes); Northumbria; Mercia; East Anglia (Angles); Wessex; Sussex and Essex (Saxons), the Celts (Ancient Britons) were squeezed into the extremities of the island of Britain. This relocation of the Celts only strengthened their language and culture in these lands. The Dumnonii and Cerniw became Devon and Cornwall, the 'strangers' (Saxon - wealhas) formed Wales, with other tribes forming Scotland and Armorica (present-day Brittany). Cornwall was, in fact, the last part of Britain to surrender to the Saxons in 838 AD.

Cornish Mining
There are eleven main metalliferous areas in Cornwall. A section dedicated to each area has been set up to complement the successful World Heritage Site Bid of 14th July 2006. Cornwall in Focus are currently visiting these areas taking photographs and researching information in order to set up a comprehensive Mining Database for each district. See the Mining section for more details.
Family Trees
To quote the old adage 'Where there's a hole in the ground, you'll find a Cornishman at the bottom'. I am sure that there are many people exploring this site that will have at least one Cornish Ancestor. The great exodus of skilled miners in the mid to late nineteenth century to all corners of the globe caused by the fall in copper and tin prices has ensured that there are thousands of people with Cornish ancestors. Check out our Family Tree page for helpful links and information.
Cornish Language
The ancient Celtic language of Cornwall was reportedly last spoken by Dolly Pentreath of Mousehole who died in 1777. There is also however, a tombstone at Zennor churchyard to John Davey of Boswednack (1812-1891), 'the last to possess any traditional considerable knowledge of the Cornish Language'. He sang traditional songs and could converse quite fluently. Why did it die out? While Cornwall remained largely untouched by the outside world the language remained intact. Some historians point to the failed 'Cornish Rebellion of 1497' - led by Michael Joseph 'An Gof' (the Smith) and Thomas Flamank - and the 'Prayer Book Rebellion' of 1549 as two major turning point in the demise of Cornish. For more information on the ancient Cornish Language as well as key words, links and phrases, please see our Cornish Language page.
Myths & Legends
Everywhere has its legends and myths - some are more believable than others. Here are a selection of some of my favourite Cornish Myths and Legends.
Cornish v. Gaelic Languages
All about Cornish
History
Gaelic equivalents
Cornish keywords
Counting in Cornish
Food and drink
Dates and time
Useful phrases
Lord's Prayer

Radyo an Gernewegva
'Deth da, Da yu genef dha weles'....The ancient Celtic language of Cornwall was reportedly last spoken by Dolly Pentreath of Mousehole who died in 1777. There is also however, a tombstone at Zennor churchyard to John Davey (1812-1891), 'the last to possess any traditional considerable knowledge of the Cornish Language'. He sang traditional songs and could converse quite fluently. Why did it die out? While Cornwall remained largely untouched by the outside world the language remained intact..
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Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age, 8000BC to 4500BC
Neolithic: New Stone Age, 4500BC to 2200BC
Bronze Age: 2200BC to 700BC
Iron Age: 700BC to 43AD
Roman: 43AD to 410AD
Post Roman: 410AD to 1000AD
Medieval: from 1000AD
Cornwall has hundreds of ancient monuments. They range from the small underground chambers known as 'fogous', mysterious chambered cairns and entrance graves, round barrows, long barrows, enigmatic inscribed stones, through to imposing quoits (dolmens) and cliff castles as well as my personal favourite the longstones or mênhirs.
Obviously, all of this monument building did not take place at the same time. Man has been leaving his mark on the surface of the planet for thousands of years and each civilisation has had its own method of honouring their dead and/or their deities.

There are large concentrations of megalithic Chamber Tombs in the far west, on the Land's End Peninsula and also on the Isles of Scilly. The most commonly visited (and photographed) are Lanyon Quoit, Chun Quoit, Mulfra Quoit (near Zennor); Ballowall Barrow (Carn Gluze) in Penwith and Trethevy Quoit (Liskeard). Scillonians can explore the well preserved Giant's Tomb above Porth Hellick [Grid ref. SV928108]; Innisidgen [Grid ref. SV922127] and Bant's Carn [Grid ref. SV910123] on St. Mary's. An excellent pair of guide books are The Modern Antiquarian by Julian Cope and Journey To The Stones - Mermaid to Merrymaid by Ian McNeil Cooke.

Holed stones are a lot rarer with only two notable examples - Mên-an-Tol near Morvah and the Tolvan Stone on private farmland near Gweek.

The major Bronze Age barrows are situated at Pelynt; West Taphouse; Newquay; Rillaton & Jericho in Cornwall, and Obadiah's Barrow on Gugh, Isles of Scilly.
Well preserved Bronze Age Stone Circles are found in Penwith at The Merry Maidens (Boleigh); The Nine Maidens (Boscawen-ûn); Duloe Stone Circle (of white Quartzite) and at Tregeseal (The Dancing Stones). Bodmin Moor is home to The Hurlers and the Trippet Stones. The Hurlers are the remains of three ancient stone circles north of Liskeard. Legend has it that the local people were warned by local cleric St. Cleer not to play Hurling on the Sabbath, when they refused he turned all of them to stone as a warning to others. Bronze Age Long Stones (Mênhirs) are relatively common with the district of Penwith boasting almost 90 instances. The most famous being The Pipers (near Boleigh); The Blind Fiddler (near Sancreed); Tremenheer (near St. Keverne) and Boslow (near Pendeen). The Isles of Scilly have The Old Man of Gugh.
The best examples of Iron Age Forts; Fogous and Cliff Castles are: Castle-an-Dinas; Castle Canyke; Chapel Carn Brea; Trencrom; Chûn Castle; Castle Dore. Fogous are quite widespread with notable ones at Pendeen Vau; Boleigh; Chysauster & Porthmeor. There is a fine Iron Age village with Bronze Age Fogou at Carn Euny (OS Explorer 102 at Grid ref. SW402288) - See the Friendly Map & Guide to exploring the Land's End Peninsula for a plan of the site and more information. Also check out the site of Bodrifty Iron Age Settlement, near Newmill, Penzance (OS Explorer 102 at Grid ref. SW445355) and Halangy Down Village on St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. The following are Iron Age Cliff Castles: Trevelgue; Rumps Point; Maen Cliff Castle; Treryn Dinas; Kelsey Head and Gurnard's Head. Iron Age cemeteries have been discovered at Harlyn Bay; Chysauster and Porthmeor.
Enjoy,
<Paul Thompson>
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Keeping Your Desk Neat
Your desk is where you do most of your professional work and a lot of thinking, so it’s important that it stay neat and clean. Using pen holders and post it note holders can keep loose items in one stationary place. Paper clips are often a problem, so use a small cup or other plastic container to keep binder clips, paper clips, and rubber bands. Many computer desks now have organizer drawers that have different compartments designed to hold small objects. You can also purchase small desk organizers to put inside your desk drawer if the furniture you have does not have one. Your personalized affiliate page is here.
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Paper can often become a huge problem when you have a desk. That’s why it is extremely important to have some kind of system in place for papers so they don’t get mixed up. You should use desk organizers that stack so you have several different categorized places to put your papers. Incoming and outgoing mail should be separated. Current projects should have their own stack, while completed projects should be filed away. A filing cabinet is an excellent way to keep all of your files and important papers organized while still being neatly put away. Each week, go through the items on your desk and determine what papers can be thrown away or recycled, and put them in a shred or recycle box. If you let items pile up too quickly, important things can be abandoned, while unimportant things just add to the clutter. Make it a point to weekly clean your desk is a smart way to keep them organized.
Most of us have too many pens and pencils floating around. Think about it: do you really need 25 pens hanging around your desk? Throw away some of the old pens you don’t use, and just keep one or two good ones handy. Or, put away the remaining pens and only bring them out to use when one runs out of ink. Use your computer-based calendar or PDA to keep track of appointments instead of using a traditional desk calendar. This keeps everything organized and you don't have to have the extra paper hanging on the wall or sitting on your desk.


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You can publish some of your books under your own name and as many other books under as many different pen names as you would like.

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Personally, the few times that I've bothered to use out-sourced work, I end up putting in time cleaning it up to make it a quality piece of work. But I'm also picky and do my research before-hand to find out what the target audience already reads and would find enjoyable (Amazon is great that way).  Your personalized affiliate page is here.
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It absolutely floors me, all the people who want to "create" Kindle/Nook e-books for a quick buck because they're booming right now but do not really have the aptitude for it.

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There are some people, especially in the internet marketing industry, who have the business acumen to recognize and effectively promote quality work. BUT the key here is QUALITY.

Put crap out there if you dare, but it will come back to you in spades, especially if you mess around with a big company like Amazon.

I mean, think about it, Amazon is not going to let crap products ruin their reputation, nor should they. After all, they are a business, first and foremost.

As with most of the stuff I buy on the Warrior Forum, I'll take the few grains of salt that I can pick up from Kindle Content Miracle and leave the rest of it.

Good luck, Warriors!
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..Compare it with Gaelic
Some Keywords in the Cornish Language, with their Gaelic equivalents - kindly supplied by Cecil Ward of An t-Eilean Sgitheanach - the Isle of Skye
English Word
Cornish Translation
Pronounciation
Gaelic Equivalent
Pronounciation
water
dowr
dower
dobhair, dòbhran

beach
treath
treth
traigh

Sea
Mor
More
muir, mara
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Church
Eglos
Egg-Loss
eaglais

House
Chi
Chee
taigh

Dwelling
Bos
Bose
bothan

Field
Parc or Plen
Park or Plen
pàirc

Head, Headland
Pen-
Pen-
ceann

Religous Settlement
Lan-
Lann
Lann

Homestead
Tre-
Tray
(treubh)

Boat
Scatho
Scath-O
sgoth

Sand Dune
Towan
Tau-an
toman, tonn

Cliff
Als
  Alz
àil

Rocks
Carreg
Car Egg
carraig

A Wood
Cus or Cos
Kawz
coilltean (pl.), coille (sing.)

New
Noweth
Now-Eth
nuadh

White
Gwynn or Gwidden
Gwinn or Gwidden
fionn

Black
Du or Dhu
Dew
dubh

Blue
Glas or Glaze
Glayze
Glas
Glahze
Red
Rudh
Ruth
ruadh

Yellow
Melyn
Mellin


Green
Gwyrdh
Gwirth


Pink
Gwynnrudh
Gwinn-Ruth


Grey
Loes
Loess


Grove
Kelly
Kelly
coille

Mill
Melyn
Mellin
muileann

Pond or Pool
Pol
Pol
Poll
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Cornwall's Celtic Culture
Introduction
Celtic Cornwall,Chsauster; a fine example of ruined houses, and Englands oldest are part of what was  probably  a thriving mining settlement some 2000 years ago.the stone outlines of eight houses indicate that the Celtic inhabitants sited the main enterance of each house facing North-East to protect them from the prevailing South-West winds.
Furtheremore, there were centralcourtyards and paved floors fitted with drainage channels.
Cornwall is rich in relicsof its past, from place names associated with King Arthur to the ruins of countless 19th-century tin and Copper Mines.
Most interestinglly evidance of Celtic Placenames can be found. For example, Tre, Pol,Pen, Chy and Wheal are renants ofthe ancient Cornish language,a Celtic tongue that links Cornwall with Brittany, Wales, the Isle of Man, Ireland and Scotland.
Check it out. You'll be amazed at what you discover!
Book Proposal Secrets
Get a publishing contract AND get paid, before you write a word!
Homepage is at http://www.bookproposalsecrets.com/?afl=73291
Your personalized affiliate page is here.
The Ultimate Copywriter


Who were the Celts?
Who were the Celts? Was there ever a distinct people known as the Celts? Was there ever a mass invasion of Celtic peoples into Britain? The word 'Celt' is thought to be derived from the Greek word 'Keltoi' - a name given to a tribe from around the Massilia (Marseille) region of southern France. All other tribes exhibiting similar characteristics were deemed 'Celts'. Recently the term has fallen out of favour and is often replaced by the less romantic but strictly more accurate 'Iron Age peoples'. The term 'Celt' now refers to a type of art - Celtic Art. They were not an 'ethnically distinct group' from the Upper Danube or alpine Europe. In the case of Britain it was as Francis Pryor puts it '... it was more an invasion of ideas than of people'.
The original inhabitants of these lands grew and populated the countryside, evolving from the Stone Age through the flooding of the North Sea Basin - recently christened 'Doggerland', to form the islands of Britain in about 5000BC. From the change in being 'hunter-gatherers' to the application of Farming in the Early Neolithic. During the next 2000 years or so, cultures evolved still further with man really making their mark on the landscape with barrows, causewayed enclosures of the Middle Neolithic (c.3500BC) through to the huge henge monuments such as at Stonehenge and Avebury (c.3000BC). As Man developed ever more complex tools and ideas, he discovered the ability to work metals, promoting the next stage in his evolution - The Bronze Age. Some 1500 years later the culture evolved into the Iron Age, with a further increase in the complexiy of artifacts and tools. In Britain, the Iron Age is deemed to have ended with the Roman invasion of Emperor Claudius and his legions in AD43. We now move from pre-history into ancient history.

What makes Cornwall and the other 'Celtic' nations so different, so enigmatic, is their very non-Englishness. They stand as somewhere close to home but with different languages, heritage and cultures. Cornwall is often portrayed as unique to promote tourism - obviously its long beaches of golden sand and spectacular scenery help to put the icing on the cake.
Cornwall emerged from the former 'kingdom' of Dumnonia that grew to prominence in the Late Iron Age - from about 150BC. The rise of the tribal kingdoms had differing effects on their people depending on which part of the British Isles you lived. The eastern side of the country looked east towards the continent, the western side towards the Atlantic. There seems to have been relatively stable but warlike kingdoms in place by the time of the first tentative expedition by Julius Caesar in 55BC. Although he brought a force of about 100 ships containing about 10,000 soldiers (2 legions) he did not gain a foothold and returned across the channel to try again the following year.


A Land Apart?
Several different cultures and peoples make Cornwall what it is today. There are traces of the Neolithic Beaker People and the Megalith builders of 2000 B.C, with dolmen, burial chambers, and mênhirs (standing stones) found especially on the Isles Of Scilly, Penwith in West Cornwall and on Bodmin Moor in East Cornwall. The human remains in these tombs were usually found kneeling or sitting with their knees up to their chins. Later Bronze Age cultures began the custom of single burial and cremation that continues today. Very many of these ancient relics have been destroyed over time and by mining activity, but a brief visit to these sites should fulfil all but the most ardent of researchers. The main sites being Boscawen-ûn (Nine Maidens); Boleigh (Merry Maidens and The Pipers); Carn Gluze (Ballowall Barrow); Pendeen Vau; The Blind Fiddler at Sancreed; Chûn Quoit; Mulfra; and Mên-an-Tol (Holed Stone). Other notable sites are The Hurlers (on Bodmin Moor); Trethevy Quoit (near Liskeard); Carn Euny near Sancreed; Tremenheer (St. Keverne) and the Stripple Stones and Trippet Stones of St. Breward.
Around about 750 B.C. the culture evolved from working with Bronze to working with Iron. The Iron Age had begun. This evolution into new ways of working was formerly known as 'Celtic Culture'. Their whole way of life began to change, compared to the scattered Bronze Age residents, the Iron Age tribes had a highly organised structure, they were civilised and well trained in battle. They set about fortifying their hilltop settlements with ditches and ringed earth ramparts. Some of these Iron Age hill forts can still be seen at Castle-an-Dinas (near St. Columb); Trencrom (Hayle); Castle Canyke (Bodmin); Chûn Castle (Pendeen) and Carn Brea overlooking present-day Redruth. The most impressive however lies near Dorchester in Dorset and is the huge 20 acre site of Maiden Castle - home of the Durotriges Celts until 43AD.

Cliff castles were also constructed on the coast with the some of the most accessible at Rumps Point (Polzeath); Trevelgue (Newquay); Kelsey Head (Holywell Bay); Gurnard's Head (Zennor); Carrick Lûz (Coverack); Kenidjack Castle (Cape Cornwall); Treryn Dinas (Porthcurno); Maen Castle (Land's End) and Dodman Point (St. Austell). More photographs..>

In fact, it is thought that the classic cliff castle at Rumps Point is so similar to those in Armorica, Brittany that it may have been built by refugees from the great sea battle of Morbihan Bay between the Romans and the Veneti in 56 BC. The Celts also introduced the idea of special areas dedicated to the burial of their dead - in fact these were Iron Age cemeteries. Left largely untouched by the Romans until their departure in c. 410 A.D., Cornwall retained the majority of this Celtic influence for almost the next 1000 years. When the Jutes; Angles and Saxons invaded from across the North Sea in about 450 A.D. and established 7 states: Kent (Jutes); Northumbria; Mercia; East Anglia (Angles); Wessex; Sussex and Essex (Saxons), the Celts (Ancient Britons) were squeezed into the extremities of the island of Britain. This relocation of the Celts only strengthened their language and culture in these lands. The Dumnonii and Cerniw became Devon and Cornwall, the 'strangers' (Saxon - wealhas) formed Wales, with other tribes forming Scotland and Armorica (present-day Brittany). Cornwall was, in fact, the last part of Britain to surrender to the Saxons in 838 AD.

Cornish Mining
There are eleven main metalliferous areas in Cornwall. A section dedicated to each area has been set up to complement the successful World Heritage Site Bid of 14th July 2006. Cornwall in Focus are currently visiting these areas taking photographs and researching information in order to set up a comprehensive Mining Database for each district. See the Mining section for more details.
Family Trees
To quote the old adage 'Where there's a hole in the ground, you'll find a Cornishman at the bottom'. I am sure that there are many people exploring this site that will have at least one Cornish Ancestor. The great exodus of skilled miners in the mid to late nineteenth century to all corners of the globe caused by the fall in copper and tin prices has ensured that there are thousands of people with Cornish ancestors. Check out our Family Tree page for helpful links and information.
Cornish Language
The ancient Celtic language of Cornwall was reportedly last spoken by Dolly Pentreath of Mousehole who died in 1777. There is also however, a tombstone at Zennor churchyard to John Davey of Boswednack (1812-1891), 'the last to possess any traditional considerable knowledge of the Cornish Language'. He sang traditional songs and could converse quite fluently. Why did it die out? While Cornwall remained largely untouched by the outside world the language remained intact. Some historians point to the failed 'Cornish Rebellion of 1497' - led by Michael Joseph 'An Gof' (the Smith) and Thomas Flamank - and the 'Prayer Book Rebellion' of 1549 as two major turning point in the demise of Cornish. For more information on the ancient Cornish Language as well as key words, links and phrases, please see our Cornish Language page.
Myths & Legends
Everywhere has its legends and myths - some are more believable than others. Here are a selection of some of my favourite Cornish Myths and Legends.
Cornish v. Gaelic Languages
All about Cornish
History
Gaelic equivalents
Cornish keywords
Counting in Cornish
Food and drink
Dates and time
Useful phrases
Lord's Prayer

Radyo an Gernewegva
'Deth da, Da yu genef dha weles'....The ancient Celtic language of Cornwall was reportedly last spoken by Dolly Pentreath of Mousehole who died in 1777. There is also however, a tombstone at Zennor churchyard to John Davey (1812-1891), 'the last to possess any traditional considerable knowledge of the Cornish Language'. He sang traditional songs and could converse quite fluently. Why did it die out? While Cornwall remained largely untouched by the outside world the language remained intact..
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Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age, 8000BC to 4500BC
Neolithic: New Stone Age, 4500BC to 2200BC
Bronze Age: 2200BC to 700BC
Iron Age: 700BC to 43AD
Roman: 43AD to 410AD
Post Roman: 410AD to 1000AD
Medieval: from 1000AD
Cornwall has hundreds of ancient monuments. They range from the small underground chambers known as 'fogous', mysterious chambered cairns and entrance graves, round barrows, long barrows, enigmatic inscribed stones, through to imposing quoits (dolmens) and cliff castles as well as my personal favourite the longstones or mênhirs.
Obviously, all of this monument building did not take place at the same time. Man has been leaving his mark on the surface of the planet for thousands of years and each civilisation has had its own method of honouring their dead and/or their deities.

There are large concentrations of megalithic Chamber Tombs in the far west, on the Land's End Peninsula and also on the Isles of Scilly. The most commonly visited (and photographed) are Lanyon Quoit, Chun Quoit, Mulfra Quoit (near Zennor); Ballowall Barrow (Carn Gluze) in Penwith and Trethevy Quoit (Liskeard). Scillonians can explore the well preserved Giant's Tomb above Porth Hellick [Grid ref. SV928108]; Innisidgen [Grid ref. SV922127] and Bant's Carn [Grid ref. SV910123] on St. Mary's. An excellent pair of guide books are The Modern Antiquarian by Julian Cope and Journey To The Stones - Mermaid to Merrymaid by Ian McNeil Cooke.

Holed stones are a lot rarer with only two notable examples - Mên-an-Tol near Morvah and the Tolvan Stone on private farmland near Gweek.

The major Bronze Age barrows are situated at Pelynt; West Taphouse; Newquay; Rillaton & Jericho in Cornwall, and Obadiah's Barrow on Gugh, Isles of Scilly.
Well preserved Bronze Age Stone Circles are found in Penwith at The Merry Maidens (Boleigh); The Nine Maidens (Boscawen-ûn); Duloe Stone Circle (of white Quartzite) and at Tregeseal (The Dancing Stones). Bodmin Moor is home to The Hurlers and the Trippet Stones. The Hurlers are the remains of three ancient stone circles north of Liskeard. Legend has it that the local people were warned by local cleric St. Cleer not to play Hurling on the Sabbath, when they refused he turned all of them to stone as a warning to others. Bronze Age Long Stones (Mênhirs) are relatively common with the district of Penwith boasting almost 90 instances. The most famous being The Pipers (near Boleigh); The Blind Fiddler (near Sancreed); Tremenheer (near St. Keverne) and Boslow (near Pendeen). The Isles of Scilly have The Old Man of Gugh.
The best examples of Iron Age Forts; Fogous and Cliff Castles are: Castle-an-Dinas; Castle Canyke; Chapel Carn Brea; Trencrom; Chûn Castle; Castle Dore. Fogous are quite widespread with notable ones at Pendeen Vau; Boleigh; Chysauster & Porthmeor. There is a fine Iron Age village with Bronze Age Fogou at Carn Euny (OS Explorer 102 at Grid ref. SW402288) - See the Friendly Map & Guide to exploring the Land's End Peninsula for a plan of the site and more information. Also check out the site of Bodrifty Iron Age Settlement, near Newmill, Penzance (OS Explorer 102 at Grid ref. SW445355) and Halangy Down Village on St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. The following are Iron Age Cliff Castles: Trevelgue; Rumps Point; Maen Cliff Castle; Treryn Dinas; Kelsey Head and Gurnard's Head. Iron Age cemeteries have been discovered at Harlyn Bay; Chysauster and Porthmeor.
Enjoy,
<Paul Thompson>
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N.B. Staying organized both in your home life and work life can sometimes be a challenge. If you work from home or just have a small home office, it’s very important to make sure your work space is properly maintained and you can find everything easily. Too much clutter can make life much more difficult, and important tasks and papers can get lost in the shuffle. With proper organization, you can easily find the things you are looking for as well as feel like your personal life and work space are neat and clean. Even your computer should be properly organized, so items in various folders and on your desktop are quickly and easily accessed. Kindle Kash
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Keeping Your Desk Neat
Your desk is where you do most of your professional work and a lot of thinking, so it’s important that it stay neat and clean. Using pen holders and post it note holders can keep loose items in one stationary place. Paper clips are often a problem, so use a small cup or other plastic container to keep binder clips, paper clips, and rubber bands. Many computer desks now have organizer drawers that have different compartments designed to hold small objects. You can also purchase small desk organizers to put inside your desk drawer if the furniture you have does not have one. Your personalized affiliate page is here.
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Paper can often become a huge problem when you have a desk. That’s why it is extremely important to have some kind of system in place for papers so they don’t get mixed up. You should use desk organizers that stack so you have several different categorized places to put your papers. Incoming and outgoing mail should be separated. Current projects should have their own stack, while completed projects should be filed away. A filing cabinet is an excellent way to keep all of your files and important papers organized while still being neatly put away. Each week, go through the items on your desk and determine what papers can be thrown away or recycled, and put them in a shred or recycle box. If you let items pile up too quickly, important things can be abandoned, while unimportant things just add to the clutter. Make it a point to weekly clean your desk is a smart way to keep them organized.
Most of us have too many pens and pencils floating around. Think about it: do you really need 25 pens hanging around your desk? Throw away some of the old pens you don’t use, and just keep one or two good ones handy. Or, put away the remaining pens and only bring them out to use when one runs out of ink. Use your computer-based calendar or PDA to keep track of appointments instead of using a traditional desk calendar. This keeps everything organized and you don't have to have the extra paper hanging on the wall or sitting on your desk.


Speaking as a Kindle and Nook e-book author,

I, too, write my own unique e-books in a few different fiction genres and out-source for some books in non-fiction genres. I publish all of my Kindle e-books using different pen names under one Kindle publishing account, no problem. So no worries there.Kindle Kash
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You can publish some of your books under your own name and as many other books under as many different pen names as you would like.

Will see how the advice in this product shakes out.
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Personally, the few times that I've bothered to use out-sourced work, I end up putting in time cleaning it up to make it a quality piece of work. But I'm also picky and do my research before-hand to find out what the target audience already reads and would find enjoyable (Amazon is great that way).  Your personalized affiliate page is here.
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It absolutely floors me, all the people who want to "create" Kindle/Nook e-books for a quick buck because they're booming right now but do not really have the aptitude for it.

And if you are going to get into e-book authorship purely from a business perspective, i.e., to produce a stream of income, one of your main objectives should be to output quality work if you really want to be in it for long-term passive income.

Nothing wrong with getting quality work done inexpensively, of course, it just hasn't been my experience that you can do both. You get what you pay for, and unfortunately, if you're really careless, you can pay out the wahoo even for poor-quality work.

I am a died-in-the-wool bookworm, and I enjoy writing. There are a lot of bookworms out there who would not particularly enjoy writing books.

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Know this also, I know from experience that you do not have to continually output gobs and gobs of quality e-books to make a decent full-time living as an author/publisher.

Please, do not get me wrong here. I am not saying that you can only be successful at this Kindle thing if you are a bookworm.  Your personalized affiliate page is here.
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There are some people, especially in the internet marketing industry, who have the business acumen to recognize and effectively promote quality work. BUT the key here is QUALITY.

Put crap out there if you dare, but it will come back to you in spades, especially if you mess around with a big company like Amazon.

I mean, think about it, Amazon is not going to let crap products ruin their reputation, nor should they. After all, they are a business, first and foremost.

As with most of the stuff I buy on the Warrior Forum, I'll take the few grains of salt that I can pick up from Kindle Content Miracle and leave the rest of it.

Good luck, Warriors!
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..Compare it with Gaelic
Some Keywords in the Cornish Language, with their Gaelic equivalents - kindly supplied by Cecil Ward of An t-Eilean Sgitheanach - the Isle of Skye
English Word
Cornish Translation
Pronounciation
Gaelic Equivalent
Pronounciation
water
dowr
dower
dobhair, dòbhran

beach
treath
treth
traigh

Sea
Mor
More
muir, mara
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Church
Eglos
Egg-Loss
eaglais

House
Chi
Chee
taigh

Dwelling
Bos
Bose
bothan

Field
Parc or Plen
Park or Plen
pàirc

Head, Headland
Pen-
Pen-
ceann

Religous Settlement
Lan-
Lann
Lann

Homestead
Tre-
Tray
(treubh)

Boat
Scatho
Scath-O
sgoth

Sand Dune
Towan
Tau-an
toman, tonn

Cliff
Als
  Alz
àil

Rocks
Carreg
Car Egg
carraig

A Wood
Cus or Cos
Kawz
coilltean (pl.), coille (sing.)

New
Noweth
Now-Eth
nuadh

White
Gwynn or Gwidden
Gwinn or Gwidden
fionn

Black
Du or Dhu
Dew
dubh

Blue
Glas or Glaze
Glayze
Glas
Glahze
Red
Rudh
Ruth
ruadh

Yellow
Melyn
Mellin


Green
Gwyrdh
Gwirth


Pink
Gwynnrudh
Gwinn-Ruth


Grey
Loes
Loess


Grove
Kelly
Kelly
coille

Mill
Melyn
Mellin
muileann

Pond or Pool
Pol
Pol
Poll
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BED AND BREAKFAST THE EASIEST HOME-BASED BUSINESS

There's an exciting new "down-home" kind of business springing up
among homeowners all across the country. It's called Bed and
Breakfast.

Basically, this is a transplant of European Hospitality, adapted
and refined to the American way of doing things. To foreign
visitors, it's the comfort and hospitality of home---staying
overnight "with people of the land" and enjoying a hearty
breakfast---without the traditional gaudiness and plastic
feelings visitors get from most big cities in the United States.
To U.S. citizens, it is a welcome alternative to the same old
hotel/motel circuit.

Now, all it takes is a spare bedroom, a good cook ad an outgoing
personality. Prices per night range from a low $25 to $100 or
more.

If you have an extra bedroom, a large home, or extra space in
your farm house, you have the necessary beginnings to start
making extra income as a Bed and Breakfast Inn. One of the
beautiful aspects of this idea is that so long as you're hosting
"overnight visitors" on a small scale no licenses will be
required. It's always best, however to check with your local
authorities just to be sure.

Naturally, your "visitors" will expect a clean, neat and
comfortable home. So assuming that your home meets these
prerequisites, and you have a spare bedroom, simply 'doll it up"
a bit. Make sure it's painted brightly, there's an outside
window, lots of room, closet space and bureau, and perhaps a
small writing desk, and a large comfortable bed, or twin beds.

Most foreign visitors will expect and appreciate a "quick tour"
of the interesting sights in your area. However, as your
particular popularity as a B&B Host grows, you'll find that a
lot of American tourists and business people on the road will
begin availing themselves of your hospitality. Certainly with
these people, it won't always be necessary to give the "Red
Carpet" visitors treatment.

Which brings us to the basic appeal of a Bed and Breakfast Inn.
Travelers seem to be looking for, and appreciate a quiet
"home-style" place to stay. Generally, they enjoy visiting with
the people off the superhighway and want to get away from the
sterilized atmosphere and sameness of hotels and motels.

Most people will either write to you ahead of time, inquiring
about the possibilities of staying at your home while in your
town or city. This means a bit of advertising on your part, or
listing your availability with a B&B broker. Some people will
check the local telephone listings, and the newspaper
advertisements when they arrive in a strange town. And some
people will just be driving across the country, come to a town or
city they think is interesting, and start driving through the
residential areas looking for Bed and Breakfast Inns.

Thus, you should have a small sign posed either in your front
yard or on the front of your house. This sign needn't be much
more than about two feet wide and about ten inches deep. It need
only state: BED AND BREAKFAST--Inquire Within or Call 123-4567.

For newspaper advertising, a similar listing in the personal
column of your local paper, particularly on Thursdays, Fridays
and Saturdays, will be all you'll need. But when it comes to the
yellow pages of your telephone and business directories, go with
a small display ad that describes in greater detail the comforts
and pleasures of your service.

Be sure to list your services with all the travel agencies in
your area. A brochure or a short synopsis of what you offer will
most assuredly give the travel agents an idea for steering
visitors your way. At the same time, listing your services in a
number of national travel magazines --particularly those that
cater to women--- will bring customers in for you.

Listing your services with a broker usually won't cost you
anything up front, but they will expect a certain
percentage--usually about 25% of the total bill. This same
arrangement applies with travel agents.

Now, suppose you're organized and ready to receive your first
customers. You greet them as host or hostess and offer to assist
them in getting situated in the room or rooms you have for them.
If they'd like to take a drive around your area and see the
points of interest, you do that. And then in the morning, serve
them a big, delicious breakfast.

You'll probably find that foreign visitors will want to stay
several days. With most people of this country who are just
travelling through your area, it'll be a one-night stopover.
Whatever, if they want to sleep comfortably through the night,
eat breakfast and be on their way, so be it. If they want to stay
around after breakfast and plan an itinerary for a compete visit
in your area, your assistance and help will be greatly
appreciated. (Remember those recommendations)!

That's it! The complete how and why of this tremendously
profitable business that's becoming more and more popular. It's
called Bed & Breakfast, and it's very definitely a low investment
idea. And you can parlay it into a very interesting and
comfortable income producing business--all from the comfort of
your own home!



HOW TO REORGANIZE YOUR TIME TO
ACCOMMODATE A HOME-BASED BUSINESS

Almost everyone needs or wants more money coming in, and with
this desire most would like to start some sort of extra income
producing project. The trouble is, not many of these people seem
able to fit "a second job" into their time schedules.

It's true that most people are busy, but extra time for some sort
of home-based extra income producing project can almost always be
found. It may mean giving up or changing a few of your favorite
pastimes--such as having a couple of beers with the guys or
watching TV--but if you score big with your extra income project,
you will have all the time you want for doing whatever you what
to do.

Efficient time management boils down to planning what you're
going to do, and then doing it without backtracking. Start by
making a list of the things you want to do tomorrow, each evening
before you go to bed. Schedule your trips to the store or
wherever to coincide with the other things you have to do, and
with your trips to or from work. Organize your trips to take care
of as many things as possible while you're out of the house.
take stock of the time you spend on the telephone---and eliminate
all that isn't necessary.

Whatever chores you have to do at home, set aside a specific time
to do them, and a specific amount of time to devote to them. For
instances, just one hour a day devoted to yard work would
probably make your property the envy of all your neighbors. Don't
try to do a week's work in one big flurry. Whether it's painting
your house, fixing leaky faucets, or mowing your lawn and
trimming your shrubs, do a part of it, or one particular job each
day, and you'll be amazed at your progress.

Take care of all your mail the day, you receive it. Don't let
those bills and letters pile up on you. If you're unable to pay a
bill immediately, file it in a special place that's visible, and
note on the envelope the date you intend to pay it. Answer your
letters the same day you get them.

Once you start listing and planning what to do, and then carry
out your plans, you'll find plenty of "extra time" for handling
virtually any kind of home-based income producing project. People
in general may not like routines or schedules, but without some
sort of plan as to what is supposed to be done, the world would
be mired in mass confusion. Laws, ordinances and regulations are
for the purpose of guiding people. We live according to an
accepted plan or way of life, and the better we can organize
ourselves, the more productive and happy we become.


The secret of all financially successful people is simply that
they are organized and do not waste time. Think about it. Review
your own activities, and then see if you can't find a couple of
extra hours in each day for more constructive accomplishments.

When you begin planning, and then when you really become involved
in an extra income producing endeavor, you should work it exactly
as you have organized your regular day-to-day activities---on a
time basis. Do what has to be done immediately. Don't try to get
done in a hour something that's realistically going to take a
week. Plan out on paper what you have to do--what you want to
do--and when you are going to do it. Then get right on each
project without procrastination.

Finally, and above all else, when you're organizing your time and
your business, be sure to set aside some time for relaxation. Be
sure to schedule time when you and your spouse can be together.
You must not involve yourself to an extent that you exclude other
people--particularly your loved ones--from your life.

Taking stock of the time you waste each day, and from there,
reorganizing your activities is what it's all about. It's a
matter of becoming more efficient in the use of your time. It's
really easy to do, and you will not only accomplish a lot more,
you will also find greater fulfillment in your life.


LEGALITIES & TAX ADVANTAGES
IN A HOME BUSINESS


Every year, several thousand people develop an interest in "going
into business." Many of these people have an idea, a product or a
service they hope to promote into an income producing business
which they can operate from their homes.

If you are one of these people, here are some practical thoughts
to consider before hanging out the "Open for Business" sign.

In areas zoned "Residential Only," your proposed business could
be illegal. In many areas, zoning restrictions rule out home
businesses involving the coming and going of many customers,
clients or employees. Many businesses that sell or even store
anything for sale on the premises also fall into this category.

Be sure to check with your local zoning office to see how the
ordinances in your particular area may affect your business
plans. You may need a special permit to operate your business
from your home; and you may find that making small changes in
your plan will put you into the position of meeting zoning
standards.

Many communities grant home occupation permits for businesses
involve typing, sewing, and teaching, but turn thumbs down on
requests from photographers, interior decorators and home
improvement businesses to be run from the home. And often, even
if you are permitted to use your home for a given business, there
will be restrictions that you may need to take into
consideration. By all means, work with your zoning people, and
save yourself time, trouble and dollars.

One of the requirements imposed might be off street parking for
your customers or patrons. And, signs are generally forbidden in
residential districts. If you teach, there is almost always a
limit on the number of students you may have at any one time.

Obtaining zoning approval for your business, then, could be as
simple as filling out an application, or it could involve a
public hearing. The important points the zoning officials will
consider will center around how your business will affect the
neighborhood. Will it increase the traffic noticeably on your
street? Will there be a substantial increase in noise? And how
will your neighbors feel about this business alongside their
homes?

To repeat, check into the zoning restrictions, and then check
again to determine if you will need a city license. If you're
selling something, you may need a vendor's license, and be
required to collect sales taxes on your transactions. The sale
tax requirement would result in the need for careful record
keeping.

Licensing can be an involved process, and depending upon the type
of business, it could even involve the inspection of your home to
determine if it meets with local health and building and fire
codes. Should this be the case, you will need to bring your
facilities up to the local standards. Usually this will involve
some simple repairs or adjustments that you can either do
personally, or hire out to a handyman at a nominal cost.

Still more items to consider: Will your homeowner's insurance
cover the property and liability in your new business? This must
definitely be resolved, so be sure to talk it over with your
insurance agent.

Tax deductions, which were once one of the beauties of engaging
in a home business, are not what they once were. To be eligible
for business related deductions today, you must use that part of
your home claimed EXCLUSIVELY AND REGULARLY as either the
principal location of your business, or place reserved to meet
patients, clients or customers.

An interesting case in point: if you use your den or a spare
bedroom as the principal place of business, working there from
8:00 to 5:00 every day, but permit your children to watch TV in
that room during evening hours, the IRS dictates that you cannot
claim a deduction for that room as your office or place of
business.

There are, however, a couple of exceptions to the "exclusive use"
rule. One is the storage on inventory in your home, where your
home is the location of your trade or business, and your trade or
business is the selling of products at retail or wholesale.
According to the IRS, such storage space must be used on a
REGULAR Basis, and be separately identifiable space.

Another exception applies to daycare services that are provided
for children, the elderly, or physically or mentally handicapped.
This exception applies only if the owner of the facility complies
with the state laws for licensing.

To be eligible for business deductions, your business must be an
activity undertaken with the intent of making profit. It's
presumed you meet this requirement if your business makes a
profit in any two years of a five-year period.

Once you are this far along, you can deduct business expenses
such as supplies, subscriptions to professional journals, and an
allowance for the business use of your car or truck. You can also
claim deductions for home related business expenses such as
utilities, and in some cases, even a new paint job for your home.


The IRS is going to treat the part of your home you use for
business as though it were a separate piece of property. This
means that you'll have to keep good records and take care not to
mix business and personal matters. No specific method of record
keeping is required, but your records must clearly justify and
deductions you claim.

You can begin by calculating what percentage of the house is used
for business, Either by number of rooms or by area in square
footage. Thus, if you use one of the five rooms for your
business, the business portion is 20 percent. If you run your
business out of a room that's 10 by 12 feet, and the total area
of your home is 1,200 square feet, the business space factor is
10 percent.

An extra computation is required if your business is a home day
care center. This is one of the exempted activities in which the
exclusive use rule doesn't apply. Check with your tax preparer
and the IRS for an exact determination.

If you're a renter, you can deduct the part of your rent which is
attributable to the business share of your house or apartment.
Homeowners can take a deduction based on the depreciation of the
business portion of their house.

There is a limit to the amount you can deduct. This is the amount
equal to the gross income generated by the business, minus those
home expenses you could deduct even if you weren't operating a
business from your home. As an example, real estate taxes and
mortgage interest are deductible regardless of any business
activity in your home, so you must subtract from your business
gross income the percentage that's allocable to the business
portion of your home. You thus arrive at the maximum amount for
home-related business deductions.

If you are self-employed, you claim your business deductions on
SCHEDULE C, PROFIT(or LOSS) for BUSINESS OR PROFESSION. The IRS
emphasizes that claiming business-at-home deductions does not
automatically trigger an audit on your tax return. Even so, it is
always wise to keep meticulously within the proper guidelines,
and of course keep detailed records if you claim business related
expenses when you are working out of your home. You should
discuss this aspect of your operation with your tax preparer or a
person qualified in the field of small business tax requirements.

If your business earnings aren't subject to withholding tax, and
your estimated federal taxes are $100 or more, you'll probably be
filing a Declaration of Estimated Tax, Form 1040 ES. To complete
this form, you will have to estimate your income for the coming
year and also make a computation of the income tax and
self-employed tax you will owe.

The self-employment taxes pay for Social Security coverage.
If you have a salaried job covered by Social Security, the
self-employment tax applies only to that amount of your home
business income that, when added to your salary, reaches the
current ceiling. When you file your Form 1040-ES, which is due
April 15, you must make the first of four equal installment
payments on your estimated tax bill.

Another good way to trim taxes is by setting up a Keogh plan or
an Individual Retirement Account. With either of these, you can
shelter some of your home business income from taxes by investing
it for your retirement.


In these days, it's becoming increasingly difficult to make ends
meet with just one source of income. Thus, more and more people
are investigating the possibilities of starting their own
extra-income business. Most of these part-time endeavors are
started and operated from the comfort and privacy of the home.

Most of these people are making the extra money they need. Some
have wisely and carefully built these extra income efforts into
full-time, very profitable businesses. Others are just keeping
busy, having fun, and enjoying life as never before. The
important thing is that they are doing something other than
waiting for the government to give them a handout; they are
improving their lot in life, and you can do it, too!

The fields of mail order selling, multi-level marketing, and
in-home party sales have never been more popular. If any of
these kinds of extra income producing ideas appeal to you, then
you owe it to yourself to check them out. But these aren't the
only fields of endeavor you can start and operate from home,
with little or no investment, and learn as you go.

If you type, you can start a home-based typing service; if you
have a truck or have access to a trailer, you can start a
clean-up/hauling service. Simply collecting old newspapers from
your neighbors can get you started in the paper recycling
business. More than a few enterprising housewifes have found
success and fortune by starting home and/or apartment cleaning
services. If you have a yard full of flowers, you can make good
extra money by supplying fresh cut flowers to restaurants and
offices in your area on a regular basis. You might turn a
ceramics hobby into a lucrative personalized coffee mug
business. What I'm saying is that in reality, there's literally
no end to the ways you can start and operate a profitable extra
income business from your home.

The first thing you must do, however, is some basic market
research. Find out for yourself, first-hand, just how many
people there are in your area who are interested in your
proposed product or service, and would be "willing to stand in
line and pay money for it". This is known as defining your
market and pinpointing your customers. If after checking
around, talking about your idea with a whole lot of people over
a period of one to three months, you get the idea that these
people would be paying customers, your next effort should be
directed toward the "detailing" of your business plan. The more
precise and detailed your plan - covering all the bases relating
to how you'll do everything that needs to be done - the easier
it's going to be for you to attain success. Such a plan should
show you start-up investment needs, your advertising plan, your
production costs and procedure, your sales program, and how your
time will be allocated. Too often, enthusiastic and ambitious
entrepreneur jump in on an extra income project and suddenly
find that the costs are beyond their abilities, and the time
requirements more than they can meet. It pays to lay it all out
on paper before you get involved, and the clearer you can "see"
everything before you start, the better your chances for success.

Now, assuming you've got your market targeted, you know who your
customers are going to be and how you're going to reach them
with your product or service. And you have all your costs as
well as time requirements itemized. The next step is to set
your plan in motion and start making money.

Here is the most important "secret" of all, relating to starting
and building a profitable home-based business, so read very
carefully. Regardless of what kind of business you start, you
must have the capital and the available time to sustain your
business through the first six months of operation.
Specifically, you must not count on receiving or spending any
money coming in from your business on yourself or for your bills
during those first six months. All the income from your
business during those first six months should be reinvested in
your business in order for it to grow and reach your planned
first year potential.

Once you've passed that first six months milestone, you can set
up a small monthly salary for yourself, and begin enjoying the
fruits of your labor. But the first six months of operation for
any business are critical, so do not plan to use any of the
money you business generates for yourself during that period.

If you've got your business plan properly organized, and have
implemented the plan, you should at the end of your first year
be able to begin thinking about hiring other people to alleviate
some of your workload. Remember this: Starting a successful
business is not a means towards either a job for yourself or a
way to keep busy. It should be regarded as the beginning of an
enterprise that will grow and prosper, with you as the top dog.
Eventually, you'll have other people doing all the work for you,
even running the entire operation, while you vacation in the
Bahamas or Hawaii and collect or receive regular income from
your initial efforts.

For more details on market research, business planning,
advertising, selling, order fulfillment, and other aspects of
home-based businesses, check with the distributor from whom you
received this report.


SURVIVAL TIPS FOR
SMALL BUSINESSES

You may be in Mail Order, Direct Mail, or you may be a local
merchant with 150 employees; whichever, however or
whatever---you've got to know how to keep your business alive
during economic recessions. Anytime the cash flow in a business,
large or small, starts to tighten up, the money management of
that business has to be run as a "tight ship."

Some of the things you can and should do include protecting
yourself from expenditures made on sudden impulse. We've all
bought merchandise or services we really didn't need simply
because we were in the mood, or perhaps in response to the
flamboyancy of the advertising or the persuasiveness of the
salesperson. Then we sort of "wake up" a couple of days later and
find that we've committed hundreds of dollars of business funds
for an item or service that's not essential to the success of our
own business, when really pressing items had been waiting for
those dollars.

If you are incorporated, you can eliminate these "impulse
purchases" by including in your by-laws a clause that states:
"All purchasing decisions over (a certain amount) are contingent
upon approval by the board of directors." This will force you to
consider any "impulse purchases" of considerable cost, and may
even be a reminder in the case of smaller purchases.

If your business is a partnership, you can state, when faced with
a buying decision, that all purchases are contingent upon the
approval of a third party. In reality, the third party can be
your partner, one of your department heads, or even one of your
suppliers.

If your business is a sole proprietorship, you don't have much to
worry about really, because as an individual you have three days
to think about your purchase, and then to nullify that purchase
if you think you don't really need it or can't afford it.

While you may think you cannot afford it, be sure that you don't
"short-change" yourself on professional services. This would
apply especially during a time of emergency. Anytime you commit
yourself and move ahead without completely investigating all the
angles, and preparing yourself for all the contingencies that may
arise, you're skating on thin ice. Regardless of the costs
involved, it always pays off in the long run to seek out the
advice of experienced professionals before embarking on a plan
that could ruin you.

As an example, an experienced business consultant can fill you in
on the 1244 stock advantages. Getting eligibility for the 1244
stock category is a very simple process, but one with tremendous
benefits to your business.

The 1244 stock encourages investors to put equity capital into
your business because in the event of a loss, amounts up to the
entire sum of the investment can be written off in the current
year. Without the "1244" classification, any losses would have to
be spread over several years, and this, of course, would greatly
lessen the attractiveness of your company's stock. Any business
owner who has not filed the 1244 corporation has in effect cut
himself off from 90 percent of his prospective investors.

Particularly when sales are down, you must be "hard-nosed" with
people trying to sell you luxuries for your business. When
business is booming, you undoubtedly will allow sales people to
show you new models of equipment or a new line of supplies; but
when your business is down, skip the entertaining frills and
concentrate on the basics. Great care must be taken however, to
maintain courtesy and allow these sellers to consider you a
friend and call back at another time.

Your company's books should reflect your way of thinking, and
whoever maintains them should generate information according to
your policies. Thus, you should hire an outside accountant or
accounting firm to figure your return on your investment, as well
as the turnover on your accounts receivable and inventory. Such
an audit or survey should focus in depth on any or every item
within the financial statement that merits special attention. in
this way, you'll probably uncover any potential financial
problems before they become readily apparent, and certainly
before they could get out of hand.

Many small companies set up advisory boards of outside
professional people. These are sometimes known as power Circles,
and once in place, the business always benefits, especially in
times of short operating capital. Such an advisory board or power
circle should include an attorney, a certified public accountant,
civic club leaders, owners or managers of businesses similar to
yours, and retired executives. Setting up such an advisory board
of directors is really quite easy, because most people you ask
will be honored to serve.

Once your board is set up, you should meet once a month and
present material for review. Each meeting should be a discussion
of your business problems and an input from your advisors
relative to possible solutions. These members of your board od
advisors should offer you advice as well as alternatives, and
provide you with objectivity. No formal decisions need to be made
either at your board meeting, or as a result of them, but you
should be able to gain a great deal from the suggestions you
hear.

You will find that most of your customers have the money to pay
at least some of what they owe you immediately. To keep them
current, and the number of accounts receivable in your files to a
minimum, you should call them on the phone and ask for some kind
of explanation why they're falling behind. if you develop such a
habit as part of your operating procedure, you'll find your
invoices will magically be drawn to the front of their piles of
bills to pay. While maintaining a courteous attitude, don't
hesitant, or too much of a "nice guy" when it comes to collecting
money.

Something else that's a very good business practice, but which
few business owners do is to methodically build a credit rating
with their local banks. Particularly when you have a good cash
flow, you should borrow $100 to $1,000 from your banks every 90
days or so. Simply borrow the money, and place it in an interest
bearing account, and then pay it all back at least a month or so
before it's due. By doing this, you will increase the borrowing
power of your signature, and strengthen your ability to obtain
needed financing on short notice. This is a kind of business
leverage that will be of great value to you if or whenever your
cash position becomes less favorable.

By all means, join your industry's local and national trade
associations. Most of these organizations have a wealth of
information available on everything from details on your
competitors to average industry sales figures, new products,
services, and trends.

If you are given a membership certificate or wall plaque, you
should display these conspicuously on your office wall. Customers
like to see such "seals of approval" and feel additional
confidence in your business when they see them.

Still another thing often overlooked: If at all possible, you
should have your spouse work in the business with you for at
least three or four weeks per year. The important thing is that
if for any reason you are not available to run the business, your
spouse will be familiar with certain people and situations about
your business. These people should include your attorney,
accountant, any consultants or advisors, creditors and your major
suppliers. The long-term advantages of having your spouse work
four weeks per year in your business with you will greatly
outweigh the short-term inconvenience. Many couples share
responsibility and time entirely, which is in most cases even
more desirable.

Whenever you can, and as often as you need it, take advantage of
whatever free business counseling is available. The Small
Business Administration published many excellent booklets,
checklist and brochures on quite a large variety of businesses.
these publications are available through the U.S.Government
printing office. Most local universities, and many private
organizations hold seminars at minimal cost, and often without
charge. You should also take advantage of the services offered by your bank and local library.

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The important thing about running a small business is to know the
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competitors are doing and to practice good money management at
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problems before they arise.

In order to survive with a small business, regardless of the
economic climate, it is essential to surround yourself with smart
people, and practice sound business management at all times.

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Dear Friend, Would YOU like to write a children's book...
by Paul Thompson on Thursday, March 15, 2012 at 4:13pm ·
Still waiting for that big break in your writing career?


Lots of great writers need to be patient.


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Dear Friend,


Would YOU like to write a children's book...




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In the meantime, though, you need to keep moving forward.


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You need to make sure your skills stay up to scratch, but you also need to be able to support yourself.


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And the beauty of it is, it only takes a few minutes of your time, but the rewards can be significant.


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... giving talented writers the chance to earn some extra cash!


And it's not just money, either.


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If you know what you're doing, you can CLEAN UP!


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Imagine strolling into your local bookstore, and seeing your children's classic lining the shelves. Children are reading, their imaginations sparkling.


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Best wishes,


<paul></paul>


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Soccer Positions - How To Find The Right One?

Intro
Are you wondering which soccer position is right for you? Are you a coach who is looking for a set of rules to help you build a more effective team? While there are no hard and fast laws for choosing the right soccer position, each has a unique set of necessary qualities that can be used to find the right player. Here are the most common positions as well as the particular qualities they require.

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Fullback
These defensive players are usually fast players who are good at marking. They are able to focus on several activities at the same time and can watch the ball as well as the opponent they are guarding.

Defensive Midfielder
This position sees a lot of action, so the player should have incredible stamina and be able to pass and receive with accuracy.

Offensive Midfielder
The offensive midfielder is a well rounded multitasker whose key role is to get the ball to the forwards. On a crowded field with opposing players at every turn, this can require some tricky footwork and an impressive bag of tricks. Offensive midfielders are good at controlling the ball and able to "think outside the box" to achieve their goal.

Outside Midfielder
Also known as a "winger". These players have to move the ball great distances and are usually skilled at the dribbling and crossing this requires.

Forward
This position requires a good runner and a great ball handler. They often have to outrun and outmaneuver equally skilled defensive players, and to get the ball past a goalie who is watching them like a hawk.

Goalkeeper
The ideal goal keeper has superior reflexes and an even better attention span. They must be able to see through the trickiest plays and be prepared for surprises. This is a position for a very intelligent player, but because of the high physical demands of the position they must also be extremely fit.

Still stymied by the different soccer positions? There are a few other things to consider whether you are a player looking for a place to use your unique gifts to their best advantage or a coach placing players in the positions. First, the position a player prefers is not necessarily the one in which they are the best-in fact, it rarely is so. Therefore, one complication is that both one's preferences and one's abilities have to be considered when choosing a position. Also, the requirements for each position change from team to team.Win In Football Now!
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The beauty of soccer is that there are a diverse number of skills needed and therefore a place for every type of player. Becoming the star soccer player you want to be may be as simple as making a 'resume' of your strong points and matching it with the qualities needed by each position. However, no amount of contemplation will replace actual experience on the field. Indeed, the best way to find the particular position that is right for you is to give several of them a try and see where you have the most success. Many of the most successful soccer players tried several different positions before finding the one that was right for them.
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